Karatasi ya Maelezo ya Shell
Rejeleo linalotafutika na linaloweza kuchapishwa la Bash / shell — usogezaji, mafaili, pipes, viwakilishi, loops, masharti na one-liners za manufaa. Bila malipo.
Navigation
8pwd
Print the working directory
ls -la
List all files with details
cd /path
Change directory
cd -
Go to the previous directory
cd ~
Go to the home directory
tree -L 2
Show directory tree (2 levels)
pushd / popd
Push and pop the directory stack
ls -lhS
List by size, human-readable
Files & directories
10touch file.txt
Create an empty file
mkdir -p a/b/c
Create nested directories
cp -r src dest
Copy recursively
mv old new
Move or rename
rm -rf dir
Remove recursively (careful!)
ln -s target link
Create a symbolic link
cat file.txt
Print file contents
head -n 20 / tail -n 20
First / last 20 lines
tail -f log.txt
Follow a file as it grows
less file.txt
Page through a file
Search & find
8grep 'pattern' file
Search for a pattern in a file
grep -rin 'text' .
Recursive, case-insensitive, numbered
find . -name '*.php'
Find files by name
find . -type f -mtime -1
Files modified in the last day
find . -size +10M
Files larger than 10 MB
which node
Locate an executable
locate file.txt
Find by indexed database
grep -v 'skip' file
Invert match (exclude lines)
Text processing
9wc -l file
Count lines
sort file | uniq -c
Sort then count duplicates
cut -d',' -f1 file
Extract a CSV column
awk '{print $1}' file
Print the first field
sed 's/old/new/g' file
Substitute text
tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
Translate characters
diff a.txt b.txt
Compare two files
tee out.txt
Write to a file and stdout
xargs -I{} cmd {}
Build commands from input
Pipes & redirection
9a | b
Pipe output of a into b
cmd > file
Redirect stdout (overwrite)
cmd >> file
Redirect stdout (append)
cmd 2> err.log
Redirect stderr
cmd > out 2>&1
Redirect both streams
cmd < input.txt
Read stdin from a file
cmd1 && cmd2
Run cmd2 only if cmd1 succeeds
cmd1 || cmd2
Run cmd2 only if cmd1 fails
cmd &
Run in the background
Permissions & ownership
8chmod 755 file
Set rwx for owner, rx for others
chmod +x script.sh
Make a file executable
chmod -R 644 dir
Recursive permission change
chown user:group file
Change owner and group
umask 022
Default permission mask
sudo cmd
Run a command as root
stat file
Show file metadata
ls -l file
View permission bits
Processes & system
9ps aux
List running processes
top / htop
Live process monitor
kill -9 PID
Force-kill a process
pkill -f name
Kill processes by name
jobs / fg / bg
Manage background jobs
df -h
Disk space usage
du -sh dir
Size of a directory
free -h
Memory usage
uname -a
System and kernel info
Variables & expansion
9NAME='value'
Set a variable (no spaces)
echo \"$NAME\"
Use a variable
export PATH=\"$PATH:/x\"
Export to child processes
$(command)
Command substitution
${VAR:-default}
Default if unset
$1 $2 $@
Script positional arguments
$?
Exit status of the last command
read -p 'Name: ' x
Read user input
echo {1..5}
Brace expansion
Scripting
9#!/usr/bin/env bash
Shebang line
set -euo pipefail
Safer strict mode
if [ -f file ]; then ...; fi
Conditional on a file test
[ \"$a\" = \"$b\" ]
String comparison
for f in *.txt; do ...; done
Loop over files
while read line; do ...; done < file
Read a file line by line
case \"$x\" in a) ...;; esac
Multi-way branch
function greet() { echo hi; }
Define a function
trap cleanup EXIT
Run a handler on exit
Hakuna kipengele kinacholingana na “:q”.
Kuhusu Karatasi ya Maelezo ya Shell
Karatasi hii ya kumbukumbu ya Bash na shell inashughulikia mstari wa amri kuanzia hatua za kwanza hadi uandishi wa script: uelekezaji, faili na saraka, utafutaji na kutafuta, uchakataji wa maandishi, mabomba na uelekezaji upya, ruhusa na umiliki, michakato na taarifa za mfumo, vigezo na upanuzi, na miundo ya uandishi wa shell script.
Inaoanisha amri za kila siku — ls, cp, grep, find, chmod, ps — na alama (flags) zinazozifanya kuwa na manufaa, pamoja na sintaksia ya bomba, uelekezaji upya na upanuzi inayogeuza amri moja kuwa mstari mmoja wenye nguvu. Sehemu ya uandishi wa script inakukumbusha sintaksia ya vitanzi, masharti na functions unapoandika script mara moja kwa mwaka.
Kila kitu kiko kwenye ukurasa mmoja wa bure unaofanya kazi upande wa kifaa chako: utafutaji huchuja safu mlalo papo hapo, orodha ya yaliyomo inayoning'inia hukuruhusu kuruka kati ya sehemu, mbofyo mmoja hunakili amri yoyote, na kitufe cha kuchapisha hukupa kumbukumbu ya Bash ya kuchapishwa kwa ajili ya meza yako.
Jinsi ya kutumia Karatasi ya Maelezo ya Shell
- Vinjari sehemu, kuanzia Uelekezaji na Faili na saraka hadi Mabomba na uelekezaji upya na Uandishi wa script.
- Andika jina la amri kama grep au chmod kwenye sanduku la utafutaji ili kuchuja karatasi papo hapo.
- Ruka hadi sehemu kama Uchakataji wa maandishi kupitia upau wa pembeni unaoning'inia.
- Bofya amri au ikoni yake ya kunakili ili kuinakili, kisha ibandike kwenye terminal yako.
- Chapisha ukurasa kwa ajili ya kumbukumbu ya nje ya mtandao ya amri za Bash.
Maswali yanayoulizwa mara kwa mara
Karatasi imeandikwa kwa ajili ya Bash na shell za mtindo wa POSIX, hivyo karibu kila kitu kinafanya kazi bila mabadiliko kwenye bash, zsh na shell zinazofanana kwenye Linux na macOS.
Zote mbili. Kando na amri za faili, utafutaji, uchakataji wa maandishi na michakato, sehemu maalum zinashughulikia vigezo na upanuzi pamoja na miundo ya uandishi wa script — vitanzi, masharti na sintaksia unayosahau kati ya script moja na nyingine.
Ndiyo. Bofya amri au ikoni ya kunakili kwenye safu mlalo yake nayo huwekwa kwenye clipboard yako, tayari kubandikwa kwenye terminal.
Daima soma amri kabla ya kuiendesha, hasa chochote kinachohusisha rm, ruhusa au uelekezaji upya. Kila safu mlalo ina maelezo mafupi ya kile amri inachofanya hasa.
Ndiyo, ni bure kabisa — ni ukurasa wa kumbukumbu unaofanya kazi upande wa kifaa chako bila akaunti na bila vikomo.
Utafutaji maarufu
linux commands cheat sheet
bash cheat sheet
shell commands list
grep and find examples
bash scripting reference
chmod permissions cheat sheet
pipes and redirection bash
terminal commands list
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