Karatasi ya Maelezo ya PHP
Rejeleo linalotafutika na linaloweza kuchapishwa la PHP 8.3+ — sintaksia, mifuatano, safu, vitendakazi, klasi, enums, sifa na vipengele vya kisasa. Bila malipo.
Basics & types
10declare(strict_types=1);
Enforce strict scalar type checks
$x = 1;
Variables start with a dollar sign
const MAX = 100;
Compile-time constant
gettype($x)
Get the type of a value
(int) $x
Cast to an integer
is_int($x)
Type-check helper (is_string, ...)
int|string $x
Union type declaration
?string $x
Nullable type (string or null)
$a ?? 'default'
Null coalescing operator
$a ??= 'default'
Assign only if null
Strings
11"Hello $name"
Double quotes interpolate variables
'literal $x'
Single quotes are literal
$a . $b
Concatenate strings
strlen($s)
Byte length of a string
str_contains($s, 'a')
Check for a substring
str_starts_with($s, 'a')
Check the prefix
substr($s, 0, 3)
Extract part of a string
str_replace('a', 'b', $s)
Replace all occurrences
explode(',', $s)
Split into an array
sprintf('%05.2f', $n)
Formatted string output
trim($s)
Strip surrounding whitespace
Arrays
11$a = [1, 2, 3];
Indexed array literal
$a = ['k' => 'v'];
Associative array
array_map(fn($x) => $x * 2, $a)
Transform each element
array_filter($a, fn($x) => $x > 0)
Keep matching elements
array_reduce($a, $fn, 0)
Reduce to a single value
in_array($v, $a, true)
Strict value check
array_keys($a)
Get all keys
array_merge($a, $b)
Merge arrays
[...$a, ...$b]
Spread/merge arrays
count($a)
Number of elements
[$x, $y] = $a;
Array destructuring
Functions
9function f(int $a): int {}
Typed parameters and return
function f(int $a = 1) {}
Default parameter value
function f(int ...$nums) {}
Variadic parameters
f(...$args)
Spread arguments
f(name: 'Sam', age: 30)
Named arguments
$fn = fn($x) => $x + 1;
Arrow function (auto-captures scope)
function () use ($x) {}
Closure capturing a variable
$fn = strlen(...);
First-class callable syntax
function f(): never {}
Never returns (throws or exits)
Control flow
9if ($a) {} elseif ($b) {} else {}
Conditional branches
$a ? $b : $c
Ternary expression
$a ?: $b
Short ternary (falsy fallback)
match ($x) { 1, 2 => 'a', default => 'b' }
Strict, expression-based match
switch ($x) { case 1: break; }
Loose multi-way branch
foreach ($a as $k => $v) {}
Iterate keys and values
for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) {}
Counted loop
while ($cond) {}
Loop while a condition holds
break / continue
Exit or skip a loop iteration
Classes & OOP
10class A extends B implements C {}
Inheritance and interfaces
public function __construct(private int $id) {}
Constructor property promotion
public readonly string $name;
Immutable after initialization
public function f(): static {}
Return the late-bound type
static::create()
Late static binding
$obj?->method()
Null-safe method call
abstract class A {}
Cannot be instantiated directly
trait T {} use T;
Reusable horizontal code
$obj instanceof A
Type check at runtime
A::class
Fully-qualified class name string
Enums
9enum Status { case Active; case Draft; }
Pure enumeration
enum Status: string { case A = 'a'; }
Backed enum (string/int)
Status::Active
Reference an enum case
Status::from('a')
Build from a backing value
Status::tryFrom('x')
Returns null if invalid
Status::cases()
Array of all cases
$status->value
Backing value of a case
$status->name
Name of the case
enum E { public function label() {} }
Enums can have methods
Error handling
9try {} catch (Throwable $e) {}
Catch errors and exceptions
catch (TypeError | ValueError $e)
Catch multiple types
catch (Exception)
Non-capturing catch (no variable)
finally {}
Always runs after try/catch
throw new RuntimeException('x')
Throw an exception
throw $e;
Re-throw the caught exception
$x = $v ?? throw new Error();
Throw as an expression
$e->getMessage()
Read the error message
$e->getPrevious()
Get the chained exception
Attributes & modern
9#[Attribute] class Route {}
Declare a custom attribute
#[Route('/home')]
Apply an attribute to a target
new ReflectionClass($x)
Inspect a class via reflection
$ref->getAttributes()
Read declared attributes
json_encode($data)
Serialize to JSON
json_decode($s, true)
Decode JSON to an array
array_is_list($a)
True if keys are 0..n in order
str_word_count($s)
Count words in a string
$obj::class
Class name from an instance
Hakuna kipengele kinacholingana na “:q”.
Kuhusu Karatasi ya Maelezo ya PHP
Karatasi hii ya kumbukumbu ya PHP hufupisha PHP ya kisasa kwenye ukurasa mmoja unaoweza kutafutwa: misingi na aina, strings, arrays, functions, control flow, classes na OOP, enums, error handling, na attributes pamoja na vipengele vingine vya kisasa. Kila mstari ni snippet inayoweza kuendeshwa yenye maelezo rahisi.
Inalenga PHP 8.3+, hivyo utapata vipengele vinavyofafanua PHP ya sasa — enums, readonly properties, constructor property promotion, named arguments, match expressions, arrow functions, nullsafe calls na attributes — kando ya functions za string na array za kila siku unazozitumia mara kwa mara.
Ukurasa huu ni bure na unafanya kazi kabisa upande wa mteja: utafutaji huchuja mistari unapoandika, menyu ya sehemu inayoning'inia hukupeleka sehemu mbalimbali za karatasi, bofya moja hunakili snippet yoyote, na kitufe cha print hukigeuza kuwa rejea ya PHP ya karatasi.
Jinsi ya kutumia Karatasi ya Maelezo ya PHP
- Pitia orodha ya yaliyomo — kutoka Basics & types hadi Enums, Error handling na Attributes & modern.
- Andika jina la function au neno-msingi kwenye kisanduku cha utafutaji kuchuja karatasi nzima papo hapo.
- Ruka kwenye sehemu kama Classes & OOP kupitia urambazaji wa sidebar inayoning'inia.
- Bofya snippet yoyote au ikoni yake ya kunakili kunakili msimbo wa PHP kwenye clipboard yako.
- Bofya Print kama unataka rejea nzima kwenye karatasi.
Maswali yanayoulizwa mara kwa mara
Imeandikwa kwa PHP 8.3 na matoleo mapya zaidi. Sehemu za enums, attributes na vipengele vya kisasa hushughulikia readonly properties, constructor promotion, match expressions, named arguments na nullsafe calls pamoja na sintaksia ya kawaida.
Sehemu tisa: misingi na aina, strings, arrays, functions, control flow, classes na OOP, enums, error handling, na attributes pamoja na vipengele vya kisasa — sehemu za PHP unazotumia kila siku kwenye miradi halisi.
Tumia kisanduku cha utafutaji kilicho juu. Huchuja kila mstari papo hapo kwenye sehemu zote na kuonyesha hesabu ya ulinganifu, hivyo kuandika kitu kama array_map hupunguza karatasi kwenye snippets zinazohusika papo hapo.
Ndiyo. Bofya msimbo wenyewe au ikoni ya kunakili inayotokea mshale unapopita juu, na snippet itaishia kwenye clipboard yako, ikithibitishwa na muonekano mfupi wa "Copied!".
Ndiyo, bure kabisa. Huonyeshwa kwenye kivinjari chako, haihitaji akaunti na inaweza kuchapishwa mara nyingi kadri unavyotaka.
Utafutaji maarufu
php cheat sheet
php syntax reference
php array functions
php string functions
php enums example
php 8 attributes
php oop cheat sheet
php try catch example
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