Karatasi ya Maelezo ya Shell
Rejeleo linalotafutika na linaloweza kuchapishwa la Bash / shell — usogezaji, mafaili, pipes, viwakilishi, loops, masharti na one-liners za manufaa. Bila malipo.
Uelekezaji
8pwd
Onyesha directory ya kazi
ls -la
Orodhesha files zote na maelezo
cd /path
Badilisha directory
cd -
Nenda directory iliyotangulia
cd ~
Nenda directory ya nyumbani
tree -L 2
Onyesha mti wa directory (viwango 2)
pushd / popd
Sukuma na toa kwenye stack ya directory
ls -lhS
Orodhesha kwa ukubwa, unaosomeka
Files na directories
10touch file.txt
Tengeneza file tupu
mkdir -p a/b/c
Tengeneza directories zilizopachikwa
cp -r src dest
Nakili kwa recursion
mv old new
Hamisha au badilisha jina
rm -rf dir
Ondoa kwa recursion (kuwa makini!)
ln -s target link
Tengeneza symbolic link
cat file.txt
Onyesha yaliyomo kwenye file
head -n 20 / tail -n 20
Mistari 20 ya kwanza / mwisho
tail -f log.txt
Fuatilia file inavyokua
less file.txt
Pitia file ukurasa kwa ukurasa
Tafuta na pata
8grep 'pattern' file
Tafuta muundo kwenye file
grep -rin 'text' .
Recursive, bila kujali herufi kubwa/ndogo, yenye namba
find . -name '*.php'
Pata files kwa jina
find . -type f -mtime -1
Files zilizobadilishwa siku ya mwisho
find . -size +10M
Files kubwa kuliko 10 MB
which node
Tafuta executable
locate file.txt
Pata kwa database iliyoorodheshwa
grep -v 'skip' file
Geuza mlinganisho (ondoa mistari)
Uchakataji wa maandishi
9wc -l file
Hesabu mistari
sort file | uniq -c
Panga kisha hesabu zinazojirudia
cut -d',' -f1 file
Toa column ya CSV
awk '{print $1}' file
Onyesha field ya kwanza
sed 's/old/new/g' file
Badilisha maandishi
tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
Tafsiri herufi
diff a.txt b.txt
Linganisha files mbili
tee out.txt
Andika kwenye file na stdout
xargs -I{} cmd {}
Jenga commands kutoka input
Pipes na redirection
9a | b
Pitisha matokeo ya a kuingia b
cmd > file
Elekeza stdout (andika juu)
cmd >> file
Elekeza stdout (ongezea)
cmd 2> err.log
Elekeza stderr
cmd > out 2>&1
Elekeza streams zote mbili
cmd < input.txt
Soma stdin kutoka file
cmd1 && cmd2
Endesha cmd2 tu kama cmd1 imefanikiwa
cmd1 || cmd2
Endesha cmd2 tu kama cmd1 imeshindwa
cmd &
Endesha nyuma (background)
Ruhusa na umiliki
8chmod 755 file
Weka rwx kwa mmiliki, rx kwa wengine
chmod +x script.sh
Fanya file iweze kuendeshwa
chmod -R 644 dir
Mabadiliko ya ruhusa kwa recursion
chown user:group file
Badilisha mmiliki na kundi
umask 022
Mask ya ruhusa chaguo-msingi
sudo cmd
Endesha command kama root
stat file
Onyesha metadata ya file
ls -l file
Tazama bits za ruhusa
Processes na mfumo
9ps aux
Orodhesha processes zinazoendesha
top / htop
Mfuatiliaji wa processes wa moja kwa moja
kill -9 PID
Lazimisha kuua process
pkill -f name
Ua processes kwa jina
jobs / fg / bg
Simamia kazi za nyuma
df -h
Matumizi ya nafasi ya diski
du -sh dir
Ukubwa wa directory
free -h
Matumizi ya memory
uname -a
Taarifa za mfumo na kernel
Vigeu na upanuzi
9NAME='value'
Weka kigeu (bila nafasi)
echo \"$NAME\"
Tumia kigeu
export PATH=\"$PATH:/x\"
Hamisha kwa child processes
$(command)
Ubadilishaji wa command
${VAR:-default}
Chaguo-msingi kama haijawekwa
$1 $2 $@
Positional arguments za script
$?
Hali ya kutoka ya command ya mwisho
read -p 'Name: ' x
Soma input ya mtumiaji
echo {1..5}
Brace expansion
Uandishi wa script
9#!/usr/bin/env bash
Mstari wa shebang
set -euo pipefail
Strict mode salama zaidi
if [ -f file ]; then ...; fi
Masharti kwa jaribio la file
[ \"$a\" = \"$b\" ]
Ulinganishaji wa string
for f in *.txt; do ...; done
Rudia juu ya files
while read line; do ...; done < file
Soma file mstari kwa mstari
case \"$x\" in a) ...;; esac
Tawi la njia nyingi
function greet() { echo hi; }
Fafanua function
trap cleanup EXIT
Endesha handler wakati wa kutoka
Hakuna kipengele kinacholingana na “:q”.
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