Shell 速查表
一份可搜尋、可列印的 Bash / shell 參考:導覽、檔案、管道、變數、迴圈、條件判斷和實用的單行指令。免費。
Navigation
8pwd
Print the working directory
ls -la
List all files with details
cd /path
Change directory
cd -
Go to the previous directory
cd ~
Go to the home directory
tree -L 2
Show directory tree (2 levels)
pushd / popd
Push and pop the directory stack
ls -lhS
List by size, human-readable
Files & directories
10touch file.txt
Create an empty file
mkdir -p a/b/c
Create nested directories
cp -r src dest
Copy recursively
mv old new
Move or rename
rm -rf dir
Remove recursively (careful!)
ln -s target link
Create a symbolic link
cat file.txt
Print file contents
head -n 20 / tail -n 20
First / last 20 lines
tail -f log.txt
Follow a file as it grows
less file.txt
Page through a file
Search & find
8grep 'pattern' file
Search for a pattern in a file
grep -rin 'text' .
Recursive, case-insensitive, numbered
find . -name '*.php'
Find files by name
find . -type f -mtime -1
Files modified in the last day
find . -size +10M
Files larger than 10 MB
which node
Locate an executable
locate file.txt
Find by indexed database
grep -v 'skip' file
Invert match (exclude lines)
Text processing
9wc -l file
Count lines
sort file | uniq -c
Sort then count duplicates
cut -d',' -f1 file
Extract a CSV column
awk '{print $1}' file
Print the first field
sed 's/old/new/g' file
Substitute text
tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
Translate characters
diff a.txt b.txt
Compare two files
tee out.txt
Write to a file and stdout
xargs -I{} cmd {}
Build commands from input
Pipes & redirection
9a | b
Pipe output of a into b
cmd > file
Redirect stdout (overwrite)
cmd >> file
Redirect stdout (append)
cmd 2> err.log
Redirect stderr
cmd > out 2>&1
Redirect both streams
cmd < input.txt
Read stdin from a file
cmd1 && cmd2
Run cmd2 only if cmd1 succeeds
cmd1 || cmd2
Run cmd2 only if cmd1 fails
cmd &
Run in the background
Permissions & ownership
8chmod 755 file
Set rwx for owner, rx for others
chmod +x script.sh
Make a file executable
chmod -R 644 dir
Recursive permission change
chown user:group file
Change owner and group
umask 022
Default permission mask
sudo cmd
Run a command as root
stat file
Show file metadata
ls -l file
View permission bits
Processes & system
9ps aux
List running processes
top / htop
Live process monitor
kill -9 PID
Force-kill a process
pkill -f name
Kill processes by name
jobs / fg / bg
Manage background jobs
df -h
Disk space usage
du -sh dir
Size of a directory
free -h
Memory usage
uname -a
System and kernel info
Variables & expansion
9NAME='value'
Set a variable (no spaces)
echo \"$NAME\"
Use a variable
export PATH=\"$PATH:/x\"
Export to child processes
$(command)
Command substitution
${VAR:-default}
Default if unset
$1 $2 $@
Script positional arguments
$?
Exit status of the last command
read -p 'Name: ' x
Read user input
echo {1..5}
Brace expansion
Scripting
9#!/usr/bin/env bash
Shebang line
set -euo pipefail
Safer strict mode
if [ -f file ]; then ...; fi
Conditional on a file test
[ \"$a\" = \"$b\" ]
String comparison
for f in *.txt; do ...; done
Loop over files
while read line; do ...; done < file
Read a file line by line
case \"$x\" in a) ...;; esac
Multi-way branch
function greet() { echo hi; }
Define a function
trap cleanup EXIT
Run a handler on exit
沒有條目符合「:q」。
關於 Shell 速查表
這份 Bash 與 shell 小抄涵蓋從入門到腳本撰寫的命令列知識:導覽、檔案與目錄、搜尋與尋找、文字處理、管線與重新導向、權限與擁有權、行程與系統資訊、變數與展開,以及 shell 腳本語法結構。
內容將 ls、cp、grep、find、chmod、ps 等常用指令與能發揮其效用的參數配對,並加上把單一指令變成一行式指令的管線、重新導向與展開語法。腳本章節則在你一年寫不到幾次腳本時,提醒你迴圈、條件式與函式的語法。
一切都在一個免費、純用戶端運作的頁面上:搜尋即時篩選列表,固定式目錄可跳至各章節,點一下即可複製任何指令,列印按鈕則能製作一份可放在桌邊的終端機參考資料。
如何使用 Shell 速查表
- 瀏覽各章節,從導覽、檔案與目錄,經管線與重新導向,到腳本撰寫。
- 在搜尋框輸入指令名稱,例如 grep 或 chmod,即可即時篩選小抄內容。
- 透過固定式側邊欄跳到文字處理等章節。
- 點擊指令或其複製圖示以複製,然後貼到終端機中。
- 列印本頁即可取得離線的 Bash 指令參考資料。
常見問題
此小抄以 Bash 及 POSIX 風格的 shell 為對象撰寫,因此幾乎所有內容都能原封不動用在 Linux 與 macOS 上的 bash、zsh 及類似 shell。
兩者皆有。除了檔案、搜尋、文字處理與行程相關指令外,還有專門章節涵蓋變數與展開,以及迴圈、條件式等腳本語法結構:那些你在腳本之間容易忘記的東西。
可以。點擊指令或其列上的複製圖示,指令即會放入剪貼簿,隨時可貼到終端機中使用。
執行任何指令前都應先仔細閱讀,尤其是涉及 rm、權限或重新導向的指令。每一列都附有一行說明,清楚寫明該指令的作用。
是的,完全免費:這是一個不需帳號、無使用次數限制的純用戶端參考頁面。
熱門搜尋
linux 指令速查表
bash 速查表
shell 指令列表
grep 與 find 範例
bash 腳本參考
chmod 權限速查表
bash 管線與重新導向
終端機指令列表
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