Go 速查表

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可搜尋、可列印的 Go 參考：struct、slice、map、interface、錯誤包裝、goroutine、channel、泛型與 go CLI。免費。

Basics

package main

Executable entry package

import ("fmt"; "os")

Import standard packages

x := 42

Short declare (inside funcs only)

var s string

Zero value: "" (0, nil, false)

const MaxRetries = 3

Typed or untyped constant

const (A = iota; B; C)

Auto-incrementing enum values

a, b = b, a

Multiple assignment / swap

_, err := doWork()

Blank identifier discards values

fmt.Println("hi"); fmt.Printf("%v\n", x)

Print values (%v = default)

fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", name, id)

Format into a string

Types, structs & methods

type User struct { Name string; Age int }

Struct definition

u := User{Name: "Sam", Age: 30}

Struct literal (named fields)

u.Name = "Alex"

Field access / mutation

func (u User) Label() string

Value receiver (reads only)

func (u *User) Rename(n string)

Pointer receiver (mutates)

func NewUser(n string) *User

Constructor function idiom

type Admin struct { User; Level int }

Embedding: fields promoted

type UserID int

Named type (own method set)

Name string `json:"name,omitempty"`

Struct tag for encoding

p := &User{}; p.Name = "x"

Auto-deref through pointers

Slices & maps

s := []int{1, 2, 3}

Slice literal

s = make([]int, 0, 10)

Empty slice with capacity 10

s = append(s, 4, 5)

Append (reassign the result)

n := copy(dst, src)

Copy elements between slices

s[1:3]

Sub-slice (shares the array)

len(s), cap(s)

Length and capacity

var s []int; s = append(s, 1)

Appending to nil is fine

m := map[string]int{"a": 1}

Map literal

v, ok := m["key"]

Lookup with existence check

delete(m, "key")

Remove a key

for k, v := range m { ... }

Iterate (order is random)

slices.Contains(s, 3)

Search helper (Go 1.21+)

slices.Sort(s); maps.Keys(m)

slices / maps packages

Control flow

for i := 0; i < n; i++ { ... }

Classic for (the only loop)

for i, v := range items { ... }

Index + value iteration

for cond { ... }

While-style loop

for { ... }

Infinite loop (break to exit)

for i := range 10 { ... }

Range over int (Go 1.22+)

if err := load(); err != nil { ... }

If with init statement

switch status { case "on": ... default: ... }

No fallthrough by default

switch { case n > 10: ... }

Condition-less switch chain

switch v := x.(type) { case int: ... }

Type switch

outer: for { break outer }

Labeled break / continue

Functions & defer

func add(a, b int) int { return a + b }

Basic function

func load() ([]byte, error)

Multiple return values

func div(a, b int) (q int, err error)

Named return values

func sum(ns ...int) int

Variadic; call sum(s...)

defer f.Close()

Run at function exit

defer mu.Unlock() // LIFO order

Multiple defers run in reverse

counter := func() int { n++; return n }

Closure captures variables

type Handler func(w, r)

Function type declaration

apply(items, strings.ToUpper)

Functions are first-class values

Interfaces & type assertions

type Stringer interface { String() string }

Interface: a method set

// no "implements" keyword

Satisfaction is implicit

io.Reader / io.Writer

The ubiquitous stream duo

var x any = 42

any = interface{} (anything)

s, ok := x.(string)

Type assertion (safe form)

switch v := x.(type) { case string: ... }

Branch by dynamic type

type ReadCloser interface { Reader; Closer }

Interface embedding

func Save(w io.Writer, u User) error

Accept interfaces...

func NewStore() *Store

...return concrete structs

var _ Stringer = (*User)(nil)

Compile-time conformance check

Error handling

if err != nil { return err }

The fundamental pattern

errors.New("not found")

Simple error value

fmt.Errorf("load %s: %w", path, err)

Wrap with context (%w)

errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist)

Match a sentinel in the chain

var pe *fs.PathError; errors.As(err, &pe)

Extract a typed error

var ErrNotFound = errors.New("not found")

Exported sentinel error

func (e *ValidationError) Error() string

Custom error type

errors.Join(err1, err2)

Combine multiple errors

defer func() { recover() }()

Recover from a panic

panic("unreachable")

Only for programmer errors

Goroutines & channels

go work()

Start a goroutine

ch := make(chan int)

Unbuffered (synchronous) channel

ch := make(chan int, 10)

Buffered channel

ch <- v / v := <-ch

Send / receive

close(ch); for v := range ch { ... }

Drain until closed

select { case v := <-a: ... case b <- x: ... }

Wait on multiple channels

var wg sync.WaitGroup; wg.Add(1); wg.Wait()

Wait for goroutines

defer wg.Done()

Signal completion

for job := range jobs { results <- run(job) }

Worker pool body

ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second)

Deadline for downstream work

select { case <-ctx.Done(): return ctx.Err() }

Abort on cancellation

var mu sync.Mutex; mu.Lock(); defer mu.Unlock()

Guard shared state

Generics

func Map[T, U any](s []T, f func(T) U) []U

Generic function

func Keys[K comparable, V any](m map[K]V) []K

comparable: map-key types

type Number interface { ~int | ~float64 }

Union constraint (~ = derived)

func Sum[T Number](ns []T) T

Use a custom constraint

type Stack[T any] struct { items []T }

Generic type

s := Stack[int]{}

Explicit instantiation

doubled := Map(nums, double)

Type args usually inferred

func Min[T cmp.Ordered](a, b T) T

cmp.Ordered: < > comparable

min(a, b), max(a, b)

Builtins since Go 1.21

Standard library gems

strings.Split(s, ","); strings.Join(parts, "-")

Split and join

strings.Contains, HasPrefix, TrimSpace

Everyday string helpers

n, err := strconv.Atoi("42")

String → int (Itoa reverses)

time.Now(); time.Since(start)

Current time and elapsed

t.Format("2006-01-02 15:04")

Reference-date layout

time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)

Pause the goroutine

data, err := os.ReadFile("cfg.json")

Read a whole file

os.WriteFile(path, data, 0o644)

Write a file with perms

os.Getenv("HOME"); filepath.Join(dir, f)

Env vars and safe paths

json.Marshal(v); json.Unmarshal(b, &v)

JSON encode / decode

resp, err := http.Get(url); defer resp.Body.Close()

HTTP client call

http.HandleFunc("/", h); http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)

Minimal HTTP server

slog.Info("started", "port", 8080)

Structured logging (1.21+)

sc := bufio.NewScanner(f); for sc.Scan()

Read input line by line

Testing & benchmarks

func TestAdd(t *testing.T) { ... }

Test in *_test.go

t.Errorf("got %d, want %d", got, want)

Fail but keep running

t.Fatalf("setup failed: %v", err)

Fail and stop this test

tests := []struct{ in, want int }{...}

Table-driven test data

t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {...})

Named subtests

t.Helper()

Blame the caller in failures

t.Parallel()

Run this test concurrently

func BenchmarkAdd(b *testing.B) { for range b.N { add(1, 2) } }

Benchmark loop

go test -bench=. -benchmem

Run benchmarks + allocations

go test -run TestAdd ./...

Run tests matching a pattern

go test -cover ./...

Coverage summary

Go CLI

go mod init example.com/app

Start a new module

go mod tidy

Sync go.mod with imports

go get github.com/pkg/x@latest

Add / upgrade a dependency

go run .

Compile and run in one step

go build ./...

Build all packages

go test ./...

Test the whole module

go vet ./...

Static analysis for bugs

gofmt -w .

Format all source files

go install golang.org/x/tools/...@latest

Install a tool binary

GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go build

Cross-compile

go doc strings.Split

Read docs in the terminal

沒有條目符合「:q」。

關於 Go 速查表

這份 Go 速查表把慣用的 Go 濃縮成一個可搜尋的頁面：基礎、型別、struct 與方法、slice 與 map、流程控制、函式與 defer、interface 與型別斷言、錯誤處理、goroutine 與 channel、泛型、標準函式庫精選、測試與基準測試，以及 go 命令列。

它著重 Go 開發者需要查而不是背的內容：刪除元素的確切 slice 技巧、errors.Is 與 errors.As 的差異、帶逾時的 select 陳述式、表格驅動測試，或是哪個 go 指令負責什麼，每一列都附有簡短說明。

此速查表免費且在用戶端執行：用搜尋框即時篩選列、用固定的目錄在各段落間跳轉、一鍵複製任何程式碼片段，並可列印頁面在寫程式時參考。

如何使用 Go 速查表

瀏覽各段落，從「基礎」、「slice 與 map」到「goroutine 與 channel」，再到 Go 命令列。
搜尋 channel、defer 或 errors.Is 等關鍵字，即時篩選每一列。
需要的是型別語法而不是指令時，跳到「interface」或「泛型」。
點選程式碼片段或其複製圖示，即可將 Go 程式碼複製到剪貼簿。
列印速查表，取得離線的 Go 參考。

常見問題

共十二個段落：基礎、型別與 struct、slice 與 map、流程控制、函式與 defer、interface 與型別斷言、錯誤處理、goroutine 與 channel、泛型、標準函式庫重點、測試與基準測試，以及 go 命令列。

涵蓋。專屬段落包含 goroutine、有緩衝與無緩衝的 channel、帶逾時的 select、WaitGroup、Mutex 與 context 取消。

包含：型別參數、約束、comparable 與 any 約束，以及泛型函式與型別，各自都有獨立的列。

可以。點選任一程式碼片段或滑過時出現的複製圖示，就會複製到剪貼簿，並顯示簡短確認。

是的，完全免費：可搜尋、可列印，在瀏覽器中呈現，無需註冊。

Go 速查表

Basics

Types, structs & methods

Slices & maps

Control flow

Functions & defer

Interfaces & type assertions

Error handling

Goroutines & channels

Generics

Standard library gems

Testing & benchmarks

Go CLI

關於 Go 速查表

如何使用 Go 速查表

常見問題

Go 速查表包含哪些內容？

它涵蓋並行嗎？

它包含泛型嗎？

可以一鍵複製程式碼嗎？

Go 參考免費嗎？

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