Helaian Rujukan Java

Percuma

Rujukan Java yang boleh dicari dan dicetak: jenis, string, koleksi, stream, record, pattern matching, konkurensi dan I/O fail. Percuma.

Basics & types

var list = new ArrayList<String>();

Local variable type inference

int x = 42; double d = 3.14;

Primitive declarations

long big = 9_000_000_000L;

Digit separators + long literal

char c = 'A'; boolean ok = true;

Char and boolean primitives

final int MAX = 100;

Constant (cannot be reassigned)

int i = (int) 3.99;

Explicit narrowing cast (→ 3)

double d = x;

Implicit widening conversion

int n = Integer.parseInt("42");

String → int

String s = String.valueOf(42);

Number → string

Integer boxed = 42; int y = boxed;

Auto-boxing and unboxing

Strings & text blocks

s.length(); s.charAt(0);

Length and character access

s.substring(1, 3)

Slice (end index exclusive)

s.contains("x"); s.startsWith("a");

Search checks

s.replace("a", "b")

Replace all occurrences

s.strip()

Trim whitespace (Unicode-aware)

s.split(",")

Split into a String[]

String.join(", ", parts)

Join with a separator

"ab".repeat(3)

Repeat a string ("ababab")

s.isBlank(); s.isEmpty();

Whitespace-only / zero-length

"%s: %d".formatted(key, count)

Inline printf-style formatting

String html = """\n <p>Hi</p>\n """;

Multi-line text block

new StringBuilder().append(a).append(b)

Efficient string building in loops

Collections

List<String> l = List.of("a", "b");

Immutable list factory

Map<String, Integer> m = Map.of("a", 1);

Immutable map factory

Set<Integer> s = Set.of(1, 2, 3);

Immutable set factory

new ArrayList<>(List.of("a", "b"))

Mutable copy of a list

List.copyOf(list)

Immutable defensive copy

map.getOrDefault(key, 0)

Read with a fallback value

map.computeIfAbsent(k, x -> new ArrayList<>())

Lazily create grouped values

map.merge(key, 1, Integer::sum)

Increment a counter map

list.removeIf(s -> s.isBlank())

Bulk remove matching items

list.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder())

Sort a list in place

for (var e : map.entrySet())

Iterate map entries

list.forEach(System.out::println)

Iterate with a method reference

Streams & lambdas

list.stream().map(String::toUpperCase).toList()

Transform every element

.filter(n -> n > 0)

Keep matching elements

.sorted(Comparator.comparing(User::name))

Sort by a key extractor

.distinct().limit(10).skip(5)

Dedupe and paginate a stream

.collect(Collectors.groupingBy(User::city))

Group into Map<K, List<V>>

.collect(Collectors.joining(", "))

Join strings with a separator

.collect(Collectors.toMap(User::id, u -> u))

Build a map from a stream

.flatMap(List::stream)

Flatten nested collections

.mapToInt(Order::total).sum()

Numeric stream aggregation

.reduce(0, Integer::sum)

Fold to a single value

.anyMatch(s -> s.isBlank())

anyMatch / allMatch / noneMatch

IntStream.range(0, 10)

Stream of ints 0..9

Records & sealed classes

record Point(int x, int y) {}

Immutable data carrier

var p = new Point(1, 2); p.x();

Construct + generated accessors

equals(), hashCode(), toString()

Generated for free on records

record Range(int lo, int hi) { Range { if (lo > hi) throw new IllegalArgumentException(); } }

Compact constructor validation

record Point(...) implements Shape {}

Records can implement interfaces

static Point origin() { return new Point(0, 0); }

Static factory inside a record

sealed interface Shape permits Circle, Square {}

Restrict allowed subtypes

final class Circle implements Shape {}

Permitted type must be final...

non-sealed class Square implements Shape {}

...or sealed / non-sealed

Pattern matching & switch

if (obj instanceof String s) use(s);

instanceof pattern binds a var

int n = switch (day) { case MON -> 1; default -> 0; };

Switch as an expression

case MON, TUE -> "early week";

Multiple labels per arm

case X -> { ...; yield value; }

Block arm returns via yield

case String s when s.length() > 2 ->

Guarded pattern (when clause)

case Point(int x, int y) -> x + y;

Record pattern deconstruction

case null, default -> "none";

Handle null inside the switch

switch (shape) { case Circle c -> ... }

Exhaustive over sealed types

OOP essentials

interface Greeter { default String hi() { return "hi"; } }

Interface with default method

class Impl implements A, B {}

Implement multiple interfaces

class Admin extends User {}

Single-class inheritance

@Override public String toString()

Mark overridden methods

super.method(); super(args);

Call parent method / constructor

class Box<T> { T value; }

Generic class

<T extends Comparable<T>> T max(...)

Bounded type parameter

List<? extends Number> nums

Covariant wildcard

enum Status { ACTIVE, DONE }

Enum type (can hold methods)

abstract class Base { abstract void run(); }

Abstract class + method

public static User of(String n) { ... }

Static factory method idiom

Optional

Optional.of(v); Optional.empty();

Create (of throws on null)

Optional.ofNullable(maybeNull)

Wrap a possibly-null value

opt.isPresent(); opt.isEmpty();

Presence checks

opt.orElse(defaultValue)

Fallback value

opt.orElseGet(() -> compute())

Lazy fallback (only if empty)

opt.orElseThrow()

Get or throw NoSuchElement

opt.map(User::name).filter(n -> !n.isBlank())

Chain transformations safely

opt.ifPresent(v -> use(v))

Run only when present

opt.ifPresentOrElse(use, this::warn)

Branch on both cases

opt.get()

Avoid: prefer orElseThrow()

Exceptions & try-with-resources

try { ... } catch (IOException e) { ... }

Catch a checked exception

catch (IOException | SQLException e)

Multi-catch in one block

finally { cleanup(); }

Always runs (even on throw)

try (var in = Files.newBufferedReader(p)) { ... }

Auto-close resources

throw new IllegalArgumentException("bad id");

Throw with a message

class AppException extends RuntimeException {}

Custom unchecked exception

RuntimeException vs Exception

Unchecked vs checked (declared)

e.getMessage(); e.getCause();

Inspect an exception

Objects.requireNonNull(x, "x is required")

Fail fast on null arguments

Concurrency

Thread.startVirtualThread(() -> work());

Cheap virtual thread (21+)

Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor()

One virtual thread per task

var pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);

Bounded platform thread pool

Future<T> f = pool.submit(task); f.get();

Submit and await a result

CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> fetch())

Async computation

.thenApply(r -> parse(r))

Transform the async result

.thenCombine(other, (a, b) -> a + b)

Join two futures

.exceptionally(e -> fallback)

Recover from async failure

CompletableFuture.allOf(f1, f2).join();

Wait for all to finish

new AtomicInteger().incrementAndGet()

Lock-free counter

new ConcurrentHashMap<K, V>()

Thread-safe map

synchronized (lock) { ... }

Mutual exclusion block

I/O & files (java.nio)

Path p = Path.of("data", "file.txt");

Build a platform-safe path

String s = Files.readString(p);

Read a whole file as text

Files.writeString(p, text);

Write text (creates/truncates)

List<String> lines = Files.readAllLines(p);

Read all lines

try (var st = Files.lines(p)) { ... }

Stream lines lazily

Files.exists(p); Files.size(p);

Existence and size checks

Files.createDirectories(dir);

mkdir -p equivalent

Files.copy(src, dst); Files.move(src, dst);

Copy / move files

Files.deleteIfExists(p);

Delete without throwing

try (var files = Files.list(dir)) { ... }

List directory entries

Files.walk(dir)

Recursive directory stream

Files.createTempFile("up-", ".tmp")

Temporary file

Build & CLI

javac Main.java && java Main

Compile then run

java Main.java

Run a source file directly

java -jar app.jar

Run an executable jar

java -Xmx512m -jar app.jar

Cap the max heap size

jshell

Interactive Java REPL

mvn clean package

Maven: build the artifact

mvn test

Maven: run the test suite

mvn dependency:tree

Maven: inspect dependencies

./gradlew build

Gradle: full build via wrapper

./gradlew test --tests "UserTest"

Gradle: run selected tests

jar tf app.jar

List a jar's contents

java --version

Show the JDK version

Tiada entri sepadan dengan “:q”.

Mengenai Helaian Rujukan Java

Helaian rujukan Java ini memampatkan Java moden ke dalam satu halaman yang boleh dicari: asas dan jenis, string dan text block, koleksi, stream dan lambda, record dan sealed class, pattern matching dan switch, asas OOP, Optional, pengecualian dan try-with-resources, konkurensi, I/O fail dengan java.nio, serta arahan build dan CLI.

Ia merangkumi kedua-dua asas yang anda tulis setiap hari (satu List, satu HashMap, gelung for-each, blok try-with-resources) dan ciri bahasa yang lebih baharu yang mengubah cara Java dibaca, termasuk record, sealed type, ungkapan switch dengan pattern matching dan text block.

Helaian ini percuma dan di sisi klien: tapis baris secara langsung dengan kotak carian, lompat antara bahagian dengan senarai kandungan yang melekat, salin sebarang cebisan kod dengan satu klik dan cetak halaman untuk rujukan di sebelah papan kekunci anda.

Cara menggunakan Helaian Rujukan Java

Imbas bahagiannya, dari Basics & types dan Collections hingga Concurrency ke Build & CLI.
Cari kata kunci seperti stream, record atau Optional untuk menapis setiap baris secara langsung.
Lompat ke Pattern matching & switch atau Streams & lambdas apabila anda memerlukan sintaks moden.
Klik sesuatu cebisan kod atau ikon salinnya untuk menyalin kod Java itu ke papan keratan anda.
Cetak helaian ini untuk rujukan Java luar talian.

Soalan lazim

Dua belas bahagian: asas dan jenis, string dan text block, koleksi, stream dan lambda, record dan sealed class, pattern matching dan switch, asas OOP, Optional, pengecualian dan try-with-resources, I/O fail java.nio, serta arahan build dan CLI.

Ya. Record, sealed class, text block, var, ungkapan switch yang dipertingkatkan dan pattern matching masing-masing mempunyai barisnya sendiri bersebelahan sintaks klasik.

Ia dibina berdasarkan apa yang benar-benar anda tulis: penciptaan dan iterasi List, Set, Map dan Deque, kemudian map, filter, collect, groupingBy, reduce dan collector yang biasa.

Ya. Klik mana-mana cebisan kod atau ikon salin apabila kursor diarahkan dan ia mendarat pada papan keratan anda dengan pengesahan ringkas.

Ya, sepenuhnya percuma: boleh dicari, boleh dicetak dan dipaparkan dalam pelayar anda tanpa pendaftaran.

Carian popular

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