Helaian Rujukan Go

Percuma

Rujukan Go yang boleh dicari dan dicetak: struct, slice, map, interface, error wrapping, goroutine, channel, generics dan Go CLI. Percuma.

Basics

package main

Executable entry package

import ("fmt"; "os")

Import standard packages

x := 42

Short declare (inside funcs only)

var s string

Zero value: "" (0, nil, false)

const MaxRetries = 3

Typed or untyped constant

const (A = iota; B; C)

Auto-incrementing enum values

a, b = b, a

Multiple assignment / swap

_, err := doWork()

Blank identifier discards values

fmt.Println("hi"); fmt.Printf("%v\n", x)

Print values (%v = default)

fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", name, id)

Format into a string

Types, structs & methods

type User struct { Name string; Age int }

Struct definition

u := User{Name: "Sam", Age: 30}

Struct literal (named fields)

u.Name = "Alex"

Field access / mutation

func (u User) Label() string

Value receiver (reads only)

func (u *User) Rename(n string)

Pointer receiver (mutates)

func NewUser(n string) *User

Constructor function idiom

type Admin struct { User; Level int }

Embedding: fields promoted

type UserID int

Named type (own method set)

Name string `json:"name,omitempty"`

Struct tag for encoding

p := &User{}; p.Name = "x"

Auto-deref through pointers

Slices & maps

s := []int{1, 2, 3}

Slice literal

s = make([]int, 0, 10)

Empty slice with capacity 10

s = append(s, 4, 5)

Append (reassign the result)

n := copy(dst, src)

Copy elements between slices

s[1:3]

Sub-slice (shares the array)

len(s), cap(s)

Length and capacity

var s []int; s = append(s, 1)

Appending to nil is fine

m := map[string]int{"a": 1}

Map literal

v, ok := m["key"]

Lookup with existence check

delete(m, "key")

Remove a key

for k, v := range m { ... }

Iterate (order is random)

slices.Contains(s, 3)

Search helper (Go 1.21+)

slices.Sort(s); maps.Keys(m)

slices / maps packages

Control flow

for i := 0; i < n; i++ { ... }

Classic for (the only loop)

for i, v := range items { ... }

Index + value iteration

for cond { ... }

While-style loop

for { ... }

Infinite loop (break to exit)

for i := range 10 { ... }

Range over int (Go 1.22+)

if err := load(); err != nil { ... }

If with init statement

switch status { case "on": ... default: ... }

No fallthrough by default

switch { case n > 10: ... }

Condition-less switch chain

switch v := x.(type) { case int: ... }

Type switch

outer: for { break outer }

Labeled break / continue

Functions & defer

func add(a, b int) int { return a + b }

Basic function

func load() ([]byte, error)

Multiple return values

func div(a, b int) (q int, err error)

Named return values

func sum(ns ...int) int

Variadic; call sum(s...)

defer f.Close()

Run at function exit

defer mu.Unlock() // LIFO order

Multiple defers run in reverse

counter := func() int { n++; return n }

Closure captures variables

type Handler func(w, r)

Function type declaration

apply(items, strings.ToUpper)

Functions are first-class values

Interfaces & type assertions

type Stringer interface { String() string }

Interface: a method set

// no "implements" keyword

Satisfaction is implicit

io.Reader / io.Writer

The ubiquitous stream duo

var x any = 42

any = interface{} (anything)

s, ok := x.(string)

Type assertion (safe form)

switch v := x.(type) { case string: ... }

Branch by dynamic type

type ReadCloser interface { Reader; Closer }

Interface embedding

func Save(w io.Writer, u User) error

Accept interfaces...

func NewStore() *Store

...return concrete structs

var _ Stringer = (*User)(nil)

Compile-time conformance check

Error handling

if err != nil { return err }

The fundamental pattern

errors.New("not found")

Simple error value

fmt.Errorf("load %s: %w", path, err)

Wrap with context (%w)

errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist)

Match a sentinel in the chain

var pe *fs.PathError; errors.As(err, &pe)

Extract a typed error

var ErrNotFound = errors.New("not found")

Exported sentinel error

func (e *ValidationError) Error() string

Custom error type

errors.Join(err1, err2)

Combine multiple errors

defer func() { recover() }()

Recover from a panic

panic("unreachable")

Only for programmer errors

Goroutines & channels

go work()

Start a goroutine

ch := make(chan int)

Unbuffered (synchronous) channel

ch := make(chan int, 10)

Buffered channel

ch <- v / v := <-ch

Send / receive

close(ch); for v := range ch { ... }

Drain until closed

select { case v := <-a: ... case b <- x: ... }

Wait on multiple channels

var wg sync.WaitGroup; wg.Add(1); wg.Wait()

Wait for goroutines

defer wg.Done()

Signal completion

for job := range jobs { results <- run(job) }

Worker pool body

ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second)

Deadline for downstream work

select { case <-ctx.Done(): return ctx.Err() }

Abort on cancellation

var mu sync.Mutex; mu.Lock(); defer mu.Unlock()

Guard shared state

Generics

func Map[T, U any](s []T, f func(T) U) []U

Generic function

func Keys[K comparable, V any](m map[K]V) []K

comparable: map-key types

type Number interface { ~int | ~float64 }

Union constraint (~ = derived)

func Sum[T Number](ns []T) T

Use a custom constraint

type Stack[T any] struct { items []T }

Generic type

s := Stack[int]{}

Explicit instantiation

doubled := Map(nums, double)

Type args usually inferred

func Min[T cmp.Ordered](a, b T) T

cmp.Ordered: < > comparable

min(a, b), max(a, b)

Builtins since Go 1.21

Standard library gems

strings.Split(s, ","); strings.Join(parts, "-")

Split and join

strings.Contains, HasPrefix, TrimSpace

Everyday string helpers

n, err := strconv.Atoi("42")

String → int (Itoa reverses)

time.Now(); time.Since(start)

Current time and elapsed

t.Format("2006-01-02 15:04")

Reference-date layout

time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)

Pause the goroutine

data, err := os.ReadFile("cfg.json")

Read a whole file

os.WriteFile(path, data, 0o644)

Write a file with perms

os.Getenv("HOME"); filepath.Join(dir, f)

Env vars and safe paths

json.Marshal(v); json.Unmarshal(b, &v)

JSON encode / decode

resp, err := http.Get(url); defer resp.Body.Close()

HTTP client call

http.HandleFunc("/", h); http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)

Minimal HTTP server

slog.Info("started", "port", 8080)

Structured logging (1.21+)

sc := bufio.NewScanner(f); for sc.Scan()

Read input line by line

Testing & benchmarks

func TestAdd(t *testing.T) { ... }

Test in *_test.go

t.Errorf("got %d, want %d", got, want)

Fail but keep running

t.Fatalf("setup failed: %v", err)

Fail and stop this test

tests := []struct{ in, want int }{...}

Table-driven test data

t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {...})

Named subtests

t.Helper()

Blame the caller in failures

t.Parallel()

Run this test concurrently

func BenchmarkAdd(b *testing.B) { for range b.N { add(1, 2) } }

Benchmark loop

go test -bench=. -benchmem

Run benchmarks + allocations

go test -run TestAdd ./...

Run tests matching a pattern

go test -cover ./...

Coverage summary

Go CLI

go mod init example.com/app

Start a new module

go mod tidy

Sync go.mod with imports

go get github.com/pkg/x@latest

Add / upgrade a dependency

go run .

Compile and run in one step

go build ./...

Build all packages

go test ./...

Test the whole module

go vet ./...

Static analysis for bugs

gofmt -w .

Format all source files

go install golang.org/x/tools/...@latest

Install a tool binary

GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go build

Cross-compile

go doc strings.Split

Read docs in the terminal

Tiada entri sepadan dengan “:q”.

Mengenai Helaian Rujukan Go

Helaian rujukan Go ini memadatkan Go yang idiomatik ke dalam satu halaman yang boleh dicari: asas, jenis, struct dan method, slice dan map, aliran kawalan, fungsi dan defer, interface dan type assertion, pengendalian ralat, goroutine dan channel, generics, permata pustaka standard, ujian dan penanda aras, serta baris arahan go.

Ia menumpukan pada perkara yang dicari oleh pembangun Go dan bukannya dihafal: helah slice yang tepat untuk membuang satu elemen, cara errors.Is dan errors.As berbeza, penyataan select dengan had masa, ujian berasaskan jadual, atau arahan go mana yang menjalankan apa, dengan penjelasan ringkas pada setiap baris.

Helaian ini percuma dan di sisi klien: tapis baris secara langsung dengan kotak carian, lompat antara bahagian dengan senarai kandungan yang melekat, salin sebarang cebisan kod dengan satu klik dan cetak halaman untuk rujukan semasa anda menulis kod.

Cara menggunakan Helaian Rujukan Go

Imbas bahagiannya, dari Basics dan Slices & maps hingga Goroutines & channels ke Go CLI.
Cari kata kunci seperti channel, defer atau errors.Is untuk menapis setiap baris secara langsung.
Lompat ke Interfaces atau Generics apabila anda memerlukan sintaks jenis dan bukannya arahan.
Klik sesuatu cebisan kod atau ikon salinnya untuk menyalin kod Go itu ke papan keratan anda.
Cetak helaian ini untuk rujukan Go luar talian.

Soalan lazim

Dua belas bahagian: asas, jenis dan struct, slice dan map, aliran kawalan, fungsi dan defer, interface dan type assertion, pengendalian ralat, goroutine dan channel, generics, sorotan pustaka standard, ujian dan penanda aras, serta go CLI.

Ya. Satu bahagian khusus merangkumi goroutine, channel buffered dan unbuffered, select dengan had masa, WaitGroup, Mutex dan pembatalan context.

Ya: parameter jenis, kekangan, kekangan comparable dan any, serta fungsi dan jenis generik masing-masing mempunyai barisnya sendiri.

Ya. Klik mana-mana cebisan kod atau ikon salin apabila kursor diarahkan dan ia mendarat pada papan keratan anda dengan pengesahan ringkas.

Ya, sepenuhnya percuma: boleh dicari, boleh dicetak dan dipaparkan dalam pelayar anda tanpa pendaftaran.

Carian popular

go cheat sheet golang cheat sheet go syntax reference go slices and maps goroutines and channels go error handling go cli commands

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